Sunday 23 August 2020

In Search of Abraham's Ten Tests

Let's return to Avot 5:4 (see earlier blogposts here and here), which teaches that Abraham was set ten tests by God and passed them all, to demonstrate the strength of Abraham's love of God. 

Since the Mishnah does not spell out which are Abraham's ten tests, I have been trying to compile a list of them. The table below features 28 "possibles", of which no fewer than 19 are counted as one of the ten tests by at least one reputable Torah scholar.


Number
Test
Source (Torah or Midrash
Endorsement
1
Exile from family and homeland
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
2
Famine in Canaan
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
3
Abduction of Sarah in Egypt
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
4
War of the Four Kings against the Five Kings
Torah
Rambam, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
5
Marriage to Hagar since Sarah was barren
Torah
Rambam, Abarbanel
6
Circumcision
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
7
Abduction of Sarah by Abimelech
Torah
Rambam, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
8
 Expulsion of Hagar after birth of Yishmael
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Abarbanel
9
 Expulsion of Yishmael
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
10
 The binding of Isaac
Torah
Rambam, Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez, Abarbanel
11
 Hiding underground for 13 years to avoid Nimrod
Midrash
Rashi
12
 Being thrown into a fiery furnace by Nimrod
Midrash
Rashi, Rabbenu Yonah, Bartenura, Me’am Lo’ez
13
 Capture of his nephew Lot
Torah
Rashi
14
 Being told that his offspring would suffer under four alien regimes (Persia, Medea, Greece, Rome)
 Midrash
Rashi
15
Being told that his offspring would be “strangers in a strange land”
 Torah
Bartenura
16
Angering his father by destroying his stock of idols
 Midrash
---
17
 Having to argue with God in order to try to save the inhabitants of Sodom and Gemorrah
 Torah
---
18
 Being made to choose whether his descendants went into exile or to Gehinnom
 Midrash
---
 19
Having to pay an extortionate price for a burial-place for Sarah even though all the land had been promised to him by God
Torah
 Rabbenu Yonah
 20
 Being told that his offspring would suffer both exile and purgatory
 Torah/midrash
 Me’am Lo’ez
 21
 Having to seek out visitors after circumcision so as to perform the mitzvah of welcoming travelers
 Midrash
 ---
 22
 Being prepared to turn his back on the Shechinah in order to attend to his visitors
 Midrash
 ---
 23
 Sending away his sons by Keturah
 Torah
 ---
 24
 Having to seek out the exiled Yishmael in order to make peace with him
Midrash
 ---
 25
Promising Abraham a son to inherit from him but then withholding one
Torah
 ---
 26
Taking away from Abraham the mitzvah of sacrificing Isaac
Torah
Netivot Shalom
 27
Whether to accept the spoils of war following the War  of the Five Kings against the Four.
Torah
---
 28
Complying with God’s request to sacrifice Isaac even though it was not actually a commandment
Torah
Rabbenu Nissim

Can anyone add to this list, either by supplying more possible tests drawn from the Torah or midrash, or by supplying the names of rabbis who have endorsed any of the tests in the table above which have not (yet) to my knowledge been counted among the ten?

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