Prima facie this is a topic that lies way beyond the content of
Pirkei Avot. However. There is a possibility that this may not be so.
At Avot 1:7 Nittai HaArbeli says:
הַרְחֵק מִשָּׁכֵן רָע, וְאַל תִּתְחַבֵּר לָרָשָׁע, וְאַל
תִּתְיָאֵשׁ מִן הַפּוּרְעָנוּת
[Translation] “Distance yourself from
a bad neighbour, and don’t stick to a wicked person, and do not abandon belief
in retribution”.
The first two parts of this teaching have a plain meaning and,
while commentators have offered many examples and explanations, they share a
core meaning: don’t become too closely involved with bad influences. The third
part, however, is a vague and general proposition that invites interpretation.
Midrash Shmuel offers several shots at explaining this
teaching. One starts with a quote from the Torah: כִּ֣י תִפְגַּ֞ע שׁ֧וֹר אֹֽיִבְךָ֛ א֥וֹ חֲמֹר֖וֹ תֹּעֶ֑ה
הָשֵׁ֥ב תְּשִׁיבֶ֖נּוּ לֽוֹֹ (“When you encounter your enemy’s ox
or ass wandering, you must take it back”: Shemot 23:4). The Gemara (Bava Metzia,
Eilu Metziot) establishes that this verse refers to one who is wicked: to help
such a person is a way to achieve perfection of one’s soul and even to bring
the wicked back to the path of goodness. R’ Yosef ibn Nachmies adds here that a
person who is so steeped in goodness as to have reached this level of
perfection should never despair of God’s mercy in respect of any puranut
[translated above ass ‘retribution’ but in this context ‘disaster’] for which
he has been destined.
Does this mean that a righteous nation should set about helping to
restore the position of an evil enemy over which it has triumphed? I very much
doubt it. My feeling is that this conclusion goes way beyond anything that
Nittai HaArbeli might have contemplated. This mishnah addresses the individual,
not the state, and the same must surely be said of R’ Yosef ibn Nachmies’ take
on it.
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