Purim and Pirkei Avot 3: drinking wine at midday

This is the third and final short post that links Pirkei Avot to the festival of Purim (tomorrow for most of the world, Friday for Jerusalem and any city that was walled at the time of Joshua).

According to Avot 3:14:

Rabbi Dosa ben Horkinas used to say: "Morning sleep, noontime wine, children's talk and sitting in the meeting places of the ignorant drive a person from the world".

This mishnah makes no overt reference to the festivities of Purim. However, the se'udat Purim -- the generally alcohol-fuelled feast with which Purim concludes -- takes place during the day of Purim itself rather than in the evening that follows it, and before recitation of the ma'ariv (evening) prayers. This year, as inhabitants of Jerusalem are well aware, its celebrations will be taking place on Friday. To allow a little breathing space before Shabbat commences, Jerusalemites will be knocking back the alcoholic beverage of their choice in the middle of the day.

Does this mishnah cast a cloud of solemn sobriety over the fun-day which in Jerusalem immediately precedes it? The answer is probably "it all depends".

Jewish tradition adopts a variety of positions regarding wine. For example, in Psalms we learn that "wine gladdens the heart of man" (Tehillim 104:15). However,

“When a person drinks one cup of wine, he acts like a little lamb – humble and meek. When he drinks two, he becomes as mighty as a lion and starts to boast ‘Who is like me?’ When he drinks three cups, he becomes like a monkey, jiggling around, dancing, giggling and uttering obscenities in public, without realizing what he is doing. Finally, he becomes blind drunk and is like a pig; wallowing in muck and settling down in the mire” (Midrash Tanchuma, parashat Noach 13).

The Romans recognised the force of wine in loosening one's inhibitions, coining the Latin tag "in vino veritas" ("in wine there is truth"), which is reflected in the Hebrew tag “nichnas yayin yetze sod” (“In goes wine, out comes a secret": Eruvin 65a). But is truth a potential casualty of Purim? Many people follow the practice of drinking ad delo yoda -- up to the point at which they no longer know the difference between blessing Mordechai and cursing Haman. Needless to say, there are many opinions as to what this means, and as to whether "up to" means "up to but not including", "up to and including" or "up to and then well beyond".

Rabbi Dosa ben Horkinas would doubtless endorse the position that everything turns on a person's capacity to hold his drink and on how it affects his mood and intellectual cogency. Additionally, no-one's Purim alcohol intake should incapacitate them from performing further mitzvot. Rabbi Dosa's teaching suggests a downward sequence that commences with a person sleeping late and ends with him ending up in the company of people who will not elevate him in his religious commitment.

Happy Purim, everyone! Enjoy your drink, but do make an effort to drink sensibly.

Purim and Pirkei Avot 2: Citing a teaching in the name of its originator

This is the second of three short posts that link Pirkei Avot to the festival of Purim (this coming Thursday for most of the world, Friday for Jerusalem and any city that was walled at the time of Joshua).

A baraita at Avot 6:6 lists 48 things that are said to be ways of acquiring Torah. Of these, the 48th and final item is

"repeating a saying in the name of the one who says it".

The baraita concludes by making the only reference to the Book of Esther that can be found within Avot, adding:

"whoever says something in the name of the person who says it brings redemption to the world, as it is said: 'And Esther spoke to the king in the name of Mordechai'" (Esther 2:22).

What was it that Esther told the king? It was the information, overheard by Mordechai, that Bigtan and Teresh were plotting against him.

The idea of mentioning by name the person who originates an item of Torah learning is a conceptualisation of the same principle that opens the tractate of Avot, where the chain of tradition is charted from the Torah's Sinaitic revelation to the era of the Men of the Great Assembly and then down through the various rabbis whose words we find in the Mishnah and Talmud. It is important to know the name of the person who relates a teaching to others so that its authenticity can be verified -- or challenged.

Our baraita at Avot 6:6 presents us with a paradox: we learn that whoever cites the name of the originator of a piece of learning when he quotes it will bring redemption to the world – but it does not reveal the identity of its own author, of of the author of the statement about bringing redemption to the world.

Are there any clues as to its authorship? The name of Rabbi Yose is twice found in close proximity to citations of this maxim (at Chullin104b, Niddah 19b) but it is nowhere stated that he is its author. In Megillah 15b the same principle is taught in the name of later rabbis (where the Amora Rabbi Elazar teaches it in the name of an earlier Amora, Rabbi Chanina).

Regardless of its authorship and the reason, if any, for not citing it, the maxim retains its force: the correct citation of one’s sources can enhance both the transparency and the authority of one’s arguments, leading to their acceptance where they are correct and to their dismissal or refutation where they are not. The Babylonian Talmud does however preserve a number of examples where this principle is discarded in favour of false attribution, where the rabbis discern a greater good which only false attribution can achieve – this greater good frequently being framed as a means of persuading the Jewish population at large to accept an undoubtedly correct halachic ruling which, if learned in the name of its true author, would carry considerably less weight (see Marc B. Shapiro, Changing the Immutable: How Orthodox Judaism Rewrites Its History, in Chapter 8 (“Is the Truth Really That important?”).

Purim and Pirkei Avot 1: Rejoicing over the downfall of enemies

This is the first of three short posts that link Pirkei Avot to the festival of Purim (this coming Thursday for most of the world, Friday for Jerusalem and any city that was walled at the time of Joshua).

At Avot 4:24, Shmuel HaKatan ("Samuel the Small") is quoted as saying

"When your enemy falls, do not rejoice; when he stumbles, do not let your heart be gladdened in case God sees and it will be displeasing in His eyes, and He will turn His anger from [your enemy to you]"

This mishnah raises many questions, not least is that of why this teaching appears in Pirkei Avot at all since it consists of a couple of verses that have been cut-and-pasted from Proverbs 24:17-18. Or, as one commentator, puts it, if this verse comes straight from King Solomon, why should we be concerned with how big or small this particular Tanna happens to be?

Leaving that issue aside, there is a topical matter to consider. On the festival of Purim, Jews the world over engage in merrily celebrating the downfall of Haman -- the arch-villain whose rise and fall are described in the Book of Esther. How can we do this in the face of clear guidance about not rejoicing when our enemies stumble?

On Purim we celebrate in accordance with the mood of the moment, as expressed in the Book of Esther: (8:16):

“The Jews had light and happiness and joy and honour" (Esther 8:16).

Does this sentiment invite the celebration of the downfall of one’s foes? The context of this verse suggests that this is not actually so. The event to which this joyful verse refers is not the downfall of Haman at all, but to the issue of a royal proclamation that the Jews were allowed to take up arms in order to defend themselves against those who, in accordance with an earlier and irrevocable proclamation (at 3:13), were ordered to exterminate them and plunder their property. It is clear, therefore, that the celebration of Purim does not contradict the substance of our mishnah. Rather, it marks the turning point in the tide of Jewish fortunes; it was a sign that, since they had not deserted God, God had not deserted them. 

A good telling off? No way!

One of the mitzvot in the Torah that is often if not usually difficult to pull off without causing damage is that of rebuking people who are doing something wrong (Vayikra/Leviticus 19:17). This is because the reaction of the person being rebuked is frequently unpredictable, irrational or downright offensive. Many people prefer to leave rebukes to others; for many generations it has been said that "we live in a generation that no longer knows how to rebuke" -- though the Pele Yo'etz felt that it is was the other way round: we have lost the art of being rebuked.

I recently found an interesting thought on this topic that emanates from the Divrei Chacham Tzvi. The polite way to suggest to someone that they are doing something wrong -- particularly if that person is a parent or one's rabbi, whom one should be at pains not to contradict -- is to ask them a question, posed in abstract terms, about the conduct one wishes to draw to their attention. This question would run along the lines of "can you please teach me the halachah (the Jewish legal position) regarding such-and-such?" Ideally, in giving the correct answer to this question, the "offender" would suddenly realize that the answer applied to him or her and would instantly refrain from whatever should not have been done.

"What has this to do with Pirkei Avot?", you may be wondering. The answer lies at Avot 4:1 in the maxim of Ben Zoma: "Who is wise? The person who learns from everyone". This is said here to apply to a person who has the capacity to "learn" from everyone by asking them for a ruling when he or she is actively involved in rebuking them.

This explanation is pretty certainly not what Ben Zoma had in mind. However, it has the highly positively effect of encouraging people to administer rebukes to anyone and everyone who may need them, irrespective of rank and status. It also emphasises the importance of putting people back on the right course in their religious commitments.

In terms of practical application, this explanation is bound to be narrow. While it applies where a person is making an error under Jewish law, it is not easy to see how it could be made to apply in situations where human behaviour involves choosing between a range of possible options.

From the Garden of Unearthly Delights: two books

When I am in prowling mode, I wander through the streets in search of excitement. Being easily satisfied by even a small quantity of excitement, my prowling generally gets no further than the Pomeranz family bookshop ("The Gan Eden of Jewish Books"), where I feast my eyes and occasionally empty my pockets on the serried ranks of Jewish interest publications. If Gan Eden could ever (Heaven forfend!) be described as the Garden of Earthly Delights, Pomeranz's mini-paradise could be termed the Garden of Unearthly Delights, given the high spiritual and/or inspirational content of so many of the books on sale there.

My most recent visit found me drawn, as usual, to the shelf with books on Jewish ethics. There I found two with which I made not previously been acquainted.

The first, published in Jerusalem way back in 1983 by Gefen, is A Companion to Pirke Avot by the late Rabbi Benjamin Morgenstern. This book, the dust jacket states at the outset and in the author's Introduction, is not a commentary to Avot but a companion. In truth it is more of a work of history-cum-biography since its content is arranged around the personalities of no fewer than 22 rabbis. Only 19 of those discussed are actually contributors to Avot: Rabban Gamliel of Yavneh and Rabbi Natan HaBavli also feature and there is a short but welcome chapter on the mysterious and elusive Menachem -- Hillel's "partner" before Shammai's arrival on the scene. Rabbi Morgenstern's position is that the sayings of the Tannaim of Avot, many of which are "terse or even laconic", might be understood and more properly appreciated if they were learned within the context of events in which their author may have participated or been an observer. 

At 221 pages and with recommended references for further study, this book is a comfortable and informative read. In an ideal world it would have been a little longer, with room for discussion of Rabbi Elazar ben Arach (another candidate for the true identity of Rabbi Nehorai, whom the author exclusively identifies as Rabbi Meir) and a little speculation concerning the status of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi (was he, or was he not, a Tanna?) Frustratingly, we have to accept that there is so little biographical information about some of the rabbis of Avot that it would not have been feasible to find more than a brief paragraph to say about them. 

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The second book I encountered, fresh off the printing press, is Dr Ari Ciment's Pirkei Dr Ari, published by Mosaica Press of Bet Shemesh. A much larger and indeed heavier work than that of Rabbi Morgenstern (at 576 pages) it is an agreeably easy read, with clear, well-spaced typography that facilitates the reader's effortless turning of pages.

This work too is not a conventional commentary on Pirkei Avot. Subtitled "Connecting Pirkei Avos to the Parashah", it leads the reader through not just each week's Torah reading but also to that of the main festivals. Each parashah opens with quotes from one or more mishnayot of Avot which are immediately followed by questions that are designed to focus the reader's thoughts on both the mishnah and the Torah reading. Most parshiyot are treated to more than one Avot-led discussion.

This methodology is somewhat reminiscent of that of Rabbenu Bachye ben Asher's prefixing each week's Torah analysis with a relevant verse from Mishlei (Proverbs), but works rather more easily for two reasons: (i) the mishnayot of Avot are generally more accessible and better known to contemporary readers than are the verses of Mishlei; (ii) the author helpfully concludes each essay with takeaway messages or answers to ensure that the reader never misses the point.

Dr Ciment, the author, is an expert on Jewish medical ethics, a topic that he has taught at Touro College. More importantly than that, he is a genuine enthusiast for life and for everything that a study of Torah combined with Avot can offer. This is not so much a Torah narrative or a commentary on Avot as a labour of love. His publishers, Mosaica, summarise this book thus:

The Torah is not meant as a history book but as a practical guide for us to live by. Pirkei Avos is the Mishnaic tractate that is a compilation of the ethical teachings passed down from Moshe Rabbeinu. This book highlights the connection between each parashah and Pirkei Avos, thereby uncovering practical takeaway messages. This is Pirkei Avos in the parashah — Pirkei Dr. Ari!

Pirkei Avot comes to Instagram

The best way to learn Pirkei Avot properly is to sit down with a teacher or friend in order to read and discuss its wise and sometimes controversial content. Ideally this should involve learning the original text, together with a good translation (if needed) and at least one of the main commentaries. Having said that, there are very many people -- and possibly a large majority of students and schoolkids -- who know little or nothing about Avot and are therefore unlikely to take notice of it at all, let alone study it.

Instagram provides a means for fusing brief snippets of text with eye-catching images in order to incapsulate a point in a sharp, succinct manner. My idea is that it can alert the media-savvy younger generations to some of the messages of Avot and, ideally, raise their level of awareness and even stimulate their curiosity to know a bit more.

Two examples of Instagram memes are shown at the foot of this post. Both seek to illustrate points made by Hillel at Avot 2:6.

The first is that someone who is meek, bashful or painfully reticent is not going to succeed in his or her studies since it takes a bit of courage to ask questions if you are afraid that they will make you appear foolish or if you are scared of your teacher's response. The second is that a teacher who is bad-tempered or short-tempered, aggressive and nitpickingly pedantic will not make a good teacher since he or she will intimidate students and drain away their self-confidence.

Not all of the guidance in Avot is amenable to this treatment. For example, the same mishnah that I have used for these two memes also teaches that a boor cannot be a sin-fearing person. There are also mishnayot which abstractions that are hard to portray visually, for example Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah's teaching (Avot 3:21) that where there is no knowledge, there is no understanding.

Having discussed these Avot memes with a small and probably quite unrepresentative sample of Jewish youth, I have been disappointed at how little they knew about Pirkei Avot -- if they knew anything about it at all -- and how willing they were to engage in informal discussion about some of the memes that have already been posted on Avot Today's Instagram account. I'm sure this exercise can be done better and hope that other people who are more at home with Instagram, Tik-Tok and the various other channels for creative and interactive communication will take up the challenge of making better ones than I can manage.

Thoughts and comments, please!

Avot Today's Instagram page is at https://www.instagram.com/avottoday/

Testing man, testing God

Now that we are in the month of Adar II and Purim will shortly be upon us, I've added the Ma'amre Purim of Rabbi Shalom Noach Berezovsky (author of the Netivot Shalom) to my breakfast reading list. This rabbi's writings always put me in a good mood for the day because he always seems to have something positive to say.

In the second essay in this slim publication, R' Berezovsky returns to one of his favourite themes, the Ten Tests of Abraham. Students of Pirkei Avot may recall that this topic is the subject of a mishnah (5:4) in which we learn that God tested Abraham ten times to demonstrate either Abraham's love for God (the usual view) or God's love for Abraham (a position that can be reconciled with the words of the mishnah).

R' Berezovsky's oft-made point is that it's not just a teaching about God and Abraham: it's a message for us too. Why? Because every one of us also faces our own "ten tests", as it were.

Though many commentators have compiled their lists of ten tests, their identity is immaterial. The mishnah does not list them and, on a close reading of the Torah and its associated midrashim, one can find over 30 candidates for inclusion in the list of ten.

The real reason why the identity of the tests is unimportant can be found in R' Berezovsky's comment, whatever tests God sends us -- and by implication Abraham too -- it is always the same thing that is being tested. That is our bitachon, our trust in God. Whether our tests involve expense, hardship, illness or anything else, the outcome will either reveal that we trust God and have confidence in him, or that we do not.

Pirkei Avot has another mishnah that deals with tests: at 5:6 we are reminded that our forefathers in the desert tested God ten times. It occurs to me that these tests too are on the theme of bitachon: they are not however tests that God has any problems in passing. They are tests of quite a different order, since they reflect our own absence of bitachon. Why otherwise would we have behaved as we did, in complaining and even rebelling against the God who brought us out of Egypt and split the Reed Sea on our behalf?

Rabbis: what do we really need them for?

The need to get oneself a rabbi is mentioned twice in Pirkei Avot -- first by Yehoshua ben Perachya (at 1:6) and then again by Rabban Gamliel (at 1:16). The first of those rabbis adds the need to acquire for oneself a friend. In simple terms, this means only that everyone needs a spiritual guide or mentor when navigating their course through life, as well as a companion with whom they can discuss their feelings and experiences and against whom they can bounce their ideas, expose their fears and share their moments of success and happiness.

My synagogue -- a fairly close-knit community synagogue in Jerusalem -- is currently seeking an associate rabbi to support the current incumbent, a distinguished scholar whose weight of years make it hard for him to meet the many and wide-ranging demands of its membership. This set me thinking about the advice to get oneself a rabbi.

Pirkei Avot is a code of guidance that, in essence, is addressed to individuals. Every person is unique and possesses a bundle of skills, interests, aptitudes and concerns. When choosing a rabbi, it is probable that each of us starts from the position of looking at what we need and then seeking a rabbi who is most likely to address all or at least most of those needs. This cannot be so easily done collectively, since every community is comprised of individuals whose needs and interests are different.

In the case of our synagogue, a job description was drafted and the membership was invited to complete a questionnaire in which they could indicate their preferences. From what I have heard from fellow congregants, the successful candidate should ideally be old and wise yet young and imaginative, possessed of great interpersonal skills yet immersed in Torah learning, full of drive and energy yet endlessly patient and possessed of a full range of pastoral skills. He should also be well-known and well-established, yet willing to step away from his current post in order to join our small and aging, if undoubtedly enthusiastic, community. If such a person can be found, we shall be well blessed.

My personal feeling is that we will not have fulfilled the precept of getting a rabbi by merely making a communal appointment. The words of the two mishnayot are expressed in Hebrew in the singular: עֲשֵׂה לְךָ רַב (aseh lecha rav). The rabbi should be personal to each of us. Or, as a viable alternative, each of us should be able to establish a viable personal relationship with him.

This in turn leads me to speculate as to how far a person's relationship with his or her rabbi should go. An interesting point to ponder is to ask the question: "which of the following issues would you discuss with your rabbi?"

• Which city or area to live in;

• Whether to buy a particular house or apartment;

• Which school or college to attend or send a child to;

• Whether a person whom one contemplates marrying is a suitable match;

• Which charity or charities to support and how much to give them;

• How to control one’s temper;

• How to handle a bout of depression;

• What books to take on holiday;

• How to dress when attending social functions;

• Whether to forgive a person who has caused personal pain or financial loss.

Thoughts, anyone?

Avot in retrospect: a summary of last month's blogposts

In case you missed them, here's a list of items posted on Avot Today in February 2022:

Sunday 27 February 2022: What does "loving peace" mean? Hillel (Avot 1:12) urges us to love peace and pursue it. But can you love something when you take it for granted?

Friday 25 February 2022: Praying for peace: not so easy.  The unfolding events in Ukraine call for prayer. Rabbi Shimon ben Netanel (Avot 2:18) has some advice that seems simple, but is not always so in practice..

Tuesday 22 February 2022: Worrying about the cure for worry? Hillel teaches, "the more the wealth, the more the worry" (Avot 2:8). Is there a degree of circularity in this simple proposition? 

Sunday 20 February 2022: Priestly blessings and an excess of piety: Hillel teaches (Avot 2:6) that an am ha'aretz cannot be a chasid. The Pele Yo'etz gives a practical example.

Friday 18 February 2022: The tablets of stone and the invention of literacy: Avot 5:8 talks of ten items that were created just before the onset of the first Sabbath. Three are to do with writing.

Wednesday 16 February 2022: A graphic account of Jewish ethics: Jessica Tamar Deutsch's illustrated version of Pirkei Avot has only now caught this blog's attention. What's it really like? 

Monday 14 February 2022: Torah learning a tale of pigs and rings: We investigate the meaning of the word nazuf in Avot 6:2 and review an apparent double-metaphor involving beautiful women, pigs and rings.

Friday 11 February 2022: Kohanim, Clothes and the Worth of a Good Name: Avot 4:17 refers to three crowns -- or is it four? Can they be made to relate to the priestly garments detailed in the Torah?

Wednesday 9 February 2022: A name made great...: The sad tale of Eric Lander's tenure as head of the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy.

Thursday 3 February 2022: What the blazes! The fox, the scorpion and the snake: We look behind Rabbi Eliezer's teaching about respecting the words of the wise and consider his choice of metaphor.

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Avot Today blogposts for January 2022 here
Avot Today blogposts for December 2021 here
Avot Today blogposts for November 2021 here
Avot Today blogposts for October 2021 here
Avot Today blogposts for September 2021 here
Avot Today blogposts for August 2021 here

What does "loving peace" mean?

At Avot 1:12 Hillel urges us to follow the example of Aaron in loving peace and pursuing it. But what does "loving peace" actually entail, in our daily lives?

Where peace does not exist – whether in a military, political, communal or family context – it is a state of affairs that a person can deeply desire. However, where we
have only experienced peace and cannot easily imagine what its absence feels like, it is difficult to love it rather than to take it for granted, because it is always there.

There is no perfect analogy, but one can make a comparison with the air we breathe: it is there all the time and we do not think about it. If anyone were to ask us: “do you love air?” we would probably be surprised at the question and likely to question the sanity of the person asking it. However, if breathable air is in limited supply, as is the case with submarine and space travel, one’s awareness of its importance increases, as does one’s appreciation of it.

In our lives, air is far more plentiful than peace, but the principle is the same. When peace is present, it displays itself as a series of negatives: no conflict, no hostility, no warfare and so on. This makes it hard for us to be aware of it and consequently to love it. Perhaps Hillel is challenging us in this Mishnah to love peace when it is actually with us, as well as to crave it and pursue it when it is not.

Praying for peace: not so easy

Many of us are praying for peace in Ukraine today, whether in general terms for the country as a whole or for friends, relations and Jewish communities who live there. Does Pirkei Avot have any guidance for us in this regard?

Rabbi Shimon ben Netanel (Avot 2:18) gives the apparently obvious and unnecessary advice to be careful when praying. He adds that, when we do pray our prayers should not be routine. Rather, they should be made with feelings and with compassion. Isn't this what prayer is supposed to be, so why bother saying this at all?

For people whose prayers are spontaneous and are not tied to any specific verbal format, this advice is relatively easy to implement. It is much more of a challenge, though, for the Jew who prays daily in accordance with the ancient, well-tried formula of the Amidah, a set of standard blessings and requests that goes back to the early days of the Second Temple period.

The Amidah contains a standard prayer for peace which is its final blessing (the last of 19 on regular weekdays, 7 on Shabbat and most festivals). It is also possible to insert personal prayers at certain points within the template and immediately after its conclusion. The challenge is to have the right thoughts in one's head and the right feelings in one's heart when saying the words provided and of remembering to add one's own prayers when one gets to the places provided for doing so.

By way of example, in the middle of the Amidah there is a prayer for the healing of those who are ill. A special provision exists for mentioning an ailing person by name. Many of us -- particularly since the onset of Covid -- have our own lists of names to pray for. Because this prayer is recited three times daily, it is easy to go on to autopilot and recite this blessing in its entirety before remembering to add a new name to those already prayed for. Later, one becomes practised in adding that name so it is no longer forgotten. Eventually, the mention of that name has become such a deeply ingrained habit that it is hard to remember NOT to pray for that person's recovery once they have either recovered or passed away.

Rabbi Shimon ben Netanel recognises this tendency, which is why he cautions us to pray with compassion, not to mention passion. This requires a degree of awareness of what we say and what we pray for that surpasses the average degree of attention to the things we say and do in the course of the day.

I have added my own prayer for the safely and well-being of everyone in Ukraine, and I am keeping in mind my understanding of its Jewish inhabitants, their anxieties and their state of mind at this time. The challenge for me will be to keep my thoughts fresh and focused on them both during the current conflict and beyond it.

May God grant them safety, security and peace of mind.

Worrying about the cure for worry?

Is having something to worry about part of the human condition? The answer probably depends on how you choose to define "worry". Some people appear to deny they worry at all ("I haven't a care in the world"; "I put my trust in God, so whatever happens is up to Him"; "If things are just meant to be, there's no point worrying about them" etc).  Others treat "worry" as one of those irregular verbs ("I have a reasoned and sincerely motivated concern"; "you worry"; "he is just a neurotic paranoid"). 

My personal belief, based on years of listening to other people talking about their feelings, is that everyone experiences a degree of worry but that (i) the level of worry is patently not the same as between different people, (ii) at different times in their own lives and (iii) when confronted by different issues. However, we do not all use the term "worry" for the same feelings. Also, many people who express the fact that they are worried find it annoying when others tell them "don't be so worried" or "there's nothing to be worried about" since these words do not remove the subject of worry but merely deny the validity of another person's feelings.

Hillel is the only contributor to Pirkei Avot to address the concept of "worry" full-on when (at Avot 2:8) he teaches, as part of a long and complex mishnah: "the more the wealth, the more the worry". These words, like many other teachings of Hillel, are brief and easy to understand. We know in our own lives that it is the rich who are more likely to live in homes that are protected by burglar alarms and security cameras, with barred windows and well-locked doors. These homes are often in areas where an additional level of protection is procured through the hire of neighbourhood security services, whose marked vehicles cruise slowly through areas where theft is thought to be more likely. The homes of those who are less affluent and have less to lose are, if protected at all, far less secure.

Yet Jewish tradition and practice do not condemn worry or the accumulation of wealth per se: these are, after all, only means by which an end may be achieved. Thus a person who works for a living is expected to look beyond the days of his productivity and to put aside the material resources that he will need in order to support himself in retirement. 

Writing a generation before Maimonides, Rabbenu Bachye ibn Paquda touches on the question of worrying about one's wealth in his Chovot HaLevavot, in the Sha'ar HaBitachon (Duties of the Heart, in the section on Trust). Citing Hillel's teaching, he reminds readers that there is an equation that links wealth to worry. In the case of putting aside enough to subsist through one's old age, this is a prudent course of action since it assuages one's worry about facing hunger and poverty when one is no longer able to help oneself. However, the very action of addressing this worry generates further worries: will the amount that a person has put away for this purpose be adequate for the purpose -- since we cannot predict how long we will live -- and will it be safe? In our own generation we have read so many times in the media of the actions of confidence tricksters who have parted pensioners from their savings, as well as of supposedly well-managed pension funds that have been tapped by those responsible for them or damaged by poor investment advice.

Where does all of this leave us? It is difficult to draw firm advice. The most obvious approach for anyone not yet of pensionable age may be to alleviate any worry by investing in a pension scheme -- and then to forget about it since no one knows the day of their death and they may run out of breath before they run out of investments. As usual, readers' thoughts and suggestions are invited.

Priestly blessings and an overdose of piety

In an ideal world where terms of praise are not laden with undercurrents of insult or abuse, it would be good to be called a chasid. This term, infused with the root meaning of chesed, kindness, epitomises the person who seeks to do God's bidding even before he has been commanded to do so (see eg Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Mesilat Yesharim). It is also a fit appellation for anyone who is unselfish with their assets (5:13), slow to anger and quick to calm down (5:14), positive towards the concepts of charity (5:16) as well as learning Torah in public (5:17) and for its own sake (Avot 6:1).

English translations of chasid often employ terms such as "pious" and "devout", which do not do full justice to the word.

Hillel (Avot 2:6) states that an am ha'aretz cannot be a chasid. But what is an am ha'aretz? Unlike chasid -- which is a term of praise -- am ha'aretz is almost always a pejorative term. It is often rendered "ignoramus", "unlearned person", someone who is "common" or "knows not Torah".

Over the years, Hillel's statement has attracted many comments and has been applied to many situations. I have just found another one.

The priestly blessings that the Kohanim administer to a Jewish prayer quorum are a practice of great antiquity, going right back to biblical times (see Numbers 6:22-27). By long-established custom and practice, the congregation do not stare at the Kohanim at the point of delivery of these blessings, but avert their gaze while they listen intently to the Kohanim's words.

Rabbi Eliezer Papo (the 'Pele Yo'etz') in his book Chesed La'Alafim (vol 1, 128:16) notes that some people, in an excess of piety, do not merely avert their eyes from their priestly benefactors but actually turn their backs on them -- presumably to avoid any risk of inadvertently looking up at the Kohanim and watching them at work. Since all a person need do is to cast his or her gaze demurely down to the ground, this act of turning one's back on the Kohanim is a demonstration of an excess of piety -- and this constitutes the behaviour of an am ha'aretz. And that, concludes the Pele Yo'etz, is a practical example of Hillel's teaching that an am ha'aretz cannot be a chasid.

The Tablets of Stone and the invention of literacy

This week's Torah reading deals with the episode of the Golden Calf and Moses' breaking of the two tablets of stone on which were carved the Ten Commandments. This event is not discussed at all in Pirkei Avot, but there is a reference to the tablets of stone and their literary content.

While Avot is famously described as a mishnaic tractate that deals with ethics and moral chastisement, some of its content seems quite remote from that objective. One of the many teachings in the earlier part of the fifth chapter that ostensibly has nothing to do with the perfection (or at least the improvement) of human behaviour is Avot 5:8, which opens with a list of ten things that are said to have been created at twilight on the Sixth Day of Creation, just before the onset of the world's first Sabbath. This list of ten reads as follows:

The mouth of the earth [that swallowed Korach]; the mouth of [Miriam's] well; the mouth of [Balaam's] donkey; the rainbow; the manna; [Moses'] staff; the shamir [worm]; writing script, the manner of writing and the tablets [of the Ten Commandments]. 

Most commentaries on Avot are content to discuss them as they are, but do not look beyond them for any profound moral message. R. Travis Herford (Ethics of the Talmud) acknowledges this when he writes:

"It is not impossible that beneath this list of unique creations ... there is concealed some attempt at the solution of a philosophical problem; but I am unable to define what it was".

Leaving aside the question left open by Reverend Herford, it is pertinent here to consider the tablets and what they contain.

The final three eve-of-Sabbath creations of the ten listed in this mishnah are concerned with the writing and recording of God’s word, and that of man. The precise meaning of the mishnah is however unclear and there is some scope for flexibility in understanding it since the consonants of the Hebrew word for “the manner of writing” ( מִּכתְבָּ , michtav) can also be read as mechatev, meaning “stylus” or “writing implement" (both the commentary ascribed to Rashi and the Machzor Vitry take the word to be mechatev though most modern editions of Avot have michtav).  Ultimately, though, these three items are still all about literacy, and the universal benefits of literacy are so far beyond challenge that to record them here would be otiose. Their inclusion here may have been particularly dear to Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi (who redacted the Mishnah) and those like-minded scholars who reached the conclusion that the time had come to organize the Oral Law and set it down in written format as the six Orders of the Mishnah that we have today. 

While we take it for granted today that the entire Torah shebe’al peh (the Oral Torah tradition) is available in convenient printed and online versions, we should remember that it was at one time a punishable offence to commit the Oral Torah to writing (see Temurah 14b, per Rabbi Abba bar Chiyya in the name of Rabbi Yochanan; also discussion at Gittin 60b).

The significance of putting things into writing is manifold. This gift of God underlines the impermanence of human memory and the value of creating a transmissible record of things that should never be forgotten. In the Torah, God not only provides an authentic text of the Ten Commandments but ensures that Moses makes a verbatim copy of it, not a paraphrase. He also commands the Children of Israel to inscribe the words of the Torah on large stones covered with plaster before crossing the River Jordan and entering Israel, this being a statement to the seventy nations of the World of what it was that the Jewish people stood for (see Devarim 27:1-8 and Rashi there). Writing is thus shown to be both God’s way of making a statement and our own. If you say something and are serious about it, putting it in writing even today is the usual manner of acknowledging that this is so.

A graphic account of Jewish ethics

I have only just heard of The Illustrated Pirkei Avot, published back in 2017. This is the handiwork of a US-based artist, Jessica Tamar Deutsch, and it clearly found favour with the reviewer who wrote it up for the Jewish Book Council in the following terms:

While there are many com­men­taries to choose from, one of the most inter­est­ing and engag­ing is the recent­ly released Illus­trat­ed Pirkei Avot by Jes­si­ca Tamar Deutsch. Nav­i­gat­ing between the seri­ous and whim­si­cal with equal mea­sure, Deutsch has trans­mut­ed every word of Pirkei Avot from the stuff of parch­ment and crin­kled pages to a hand­some, sin­gu­lar col­lec­tion of sequen­tial art and imag­i­na­tion. (For good mea­sure, the entire trac­tate is repro­duced at the back of the book, just in case read­ers want to refer to the orig­i­nal while reading.)

The review continues in the same vein, adding that

Deutsch’s work is a new par­a­digm. It would be too much to say that this work breaks all the rules of nor­ma­tive Tal­mu­dic com­men­tary; that was prob­a­bly nev­er her inten­tion. To the con­trary, the acces­si­bil­i­ty stems from the book’s appeal to all ages in a wel­com­ing way. One could be a schol­ar or a neo­phyte when it comes to learn­ing Tal­mud and still learn some­thing from this work. At times Deutsch inserts a thought that is sep­a­rate from the art (i.e. the sto­ry of Hil­lel and the skull) that adds an ele­ment of reader/​author inter­ac­tion where it might not exist in oth­er commentaries.

I am not averse to the use of graphic art as a means of promoting the message of Avot, as is obvious from the launch of Avot Today's Instagram account. I do however wonder how a young and female artist would handle some of the more sensitive content of Avot, for example Hillel's pronouncement on women in the second perek ("...the more women, the more witchcraft; the more maidservants, the more immorality...", 2:8).

If any reader of this weblog is familiar with the book, can he or she please share any relevant thoughts on it and on the extent to which it succeeds in opening up the content of Pirkei Avot to an audience of people who respond more to images than to the printed word.

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The Illustrated Pirkei Avot is available from Print-O-Craft Press, Philadelphia Pa. Details here: https://printocraftpress.com/.../the-illustrated-pirkei.../